Tax Treatments for Individual Returns Essay Example for Free

Tax Treatments for Individual Returns Essay A. Recommended Tax Filing Status The tax filing status that I would recommend is Married Filing Joint. The reason for this is that the IRS has various tax breaks for married persons that file together that are unavailable if you file married filing separate. It also affect the tax rate, they will pay a lower rate of taxes if they file together than they would if they filed separately. A2a. Taxable and Non-Taxable Income Taxable Income for the couple would include the following items: Spouse A’s income from the partnership, Spouse A’s income from the part time job, Spouse B’s income from the electronics firm, and the dividends that were received by Spouse A from Company E. Their Non-Taxable Income items would be: The child support that spouse B receives (child support is nontaxable because it was taxed as income on the parent that is paying it), the interest received on Municipal Bonds (municipal bonds are tax exempt), and the income on the sale of their personal residence is tax exempt because it was their primary residence and they lived there for the required amount of time for the exemption of 500,000 (since they are joint filers). A2b. Capital Gains and Losses The couple has 5,000 in short term capital losses from the day trading while spouse B was unemployed. These losses can be netted against any capital gains that may exist. For example if the sale of the rental property resulted in a long term capital gain, however the rental property is a passive activity so the short term loss can only be claimed for 3,000 and the remaining amount would be carried forward. A2c. Profit or Losses from Sale of Property The profit from sale of the couple’s personal residence would not be taxed. Their personal residence was lived in for at least 2 of the last 5 years and  was under the cut off of the exemption of 500,000 after their adjusted basis calculation was deducted from their sale price. The profit from the sale of the rental property would be taxed as mention in the paragraph above. Depending on how the adjusted basis came out it would either be an ordinary loss or a capital gain. A2d. Partnership Income and Losses Spouse A received a K-1 reporting the share of the partnership income as 142,000. This amount will be reported by the couple on their schedule 1040 as income. The cash withdrawal of 83,500 would most likely not be considered a gain (the determining factor for this is whether or not the amount of Spouse A’s interest in the partnership is higher or lower than the withdrawal amount.) A2e. / A3. Passive Activity Gains and Losses The couple has passive activity from the rental properties that they own but are managed by a local realty company, which means they are not actively participating. Their gross rents are 23,000 and their expenses/depreciation total 29,200. The result of this activity is a passive loss of $6,200.00 The couple also has the gain on the sale of the rental property that could be passive because again it is from their rental properties that they do not actively participate in. The maximum amount of loss they could claim from rental properties is 25,000 per the IRS regulations. A4. Adjustments to Income (on the 1040 form this area is called Adjusted Gross Income) There are multiple adjustments and deductions available to the couple in the 1040 AGI section. The alimony that Spouse A pays can be listed in this section as an adjustment, this will lower their income. Because alimony paid is a deduction to the payer. Alternatively the child support amount that they have listed will not affect anything; you do not need to include it in your income so it is not an adjustment to income. Spouse A’s health  insurance would qualify them for a self-employed health insurance deduction. The contributions to Spouse A’s Keogh plan are also an adjustment to income, this is because they can be deducted in the year they are contributed so that the contributions to the plan are â€Å"tax free†. However, I am unsure about the calculation of maximum because the IRS states that: â€Å"Retirement plans for self-employed people were formerly referred to as â€Å"Keogh plans† after the law that first allowed unincorporated businesses to sponsor retirement plans. Since the law no longer distinguishes between corporate and other plan sponsors, the term is seldom used.† (Retirement Plans for Self-Employed People, 2014) The moving expenses are not an adjustment to Income, the reason for this is that on form 3903 there is a distance test worksheet, when the calculation is done it shows the move was not a difference of 50 or more miles since the move was 52 miles minus the distance to her previous job of 3 miles it is only 49. This does not qualify them to deduct their expenses. A5. Deductions The itemized deductions that the couple would be allowed to take are a deduction for their medical expenses in the amount of expenses that exceeds 10% of their Adjusted Gross Income (line 38 on 1040). So they would take their 10% of their AGI and subtract that number from their total medical expenses and the remaining amount is the available deduction. I don’t believe this would result in much of a deduction if any in their situation. The 6,000 in charitable contributions would be an itemized deduction. However, the 2,600 in business suits is not a valid deduction because you can wear a business suit as everyday clothing. If the clothing were a uniform or something more specifically required by the job that she would not be able to wear in place of her everyday clothes then the amount would be deductible. Due to these calculations, I would recommend to the couple that they take the standard deduction of 12,200 because I believe this would be higher than  their total for itemized deductions. A6. Tax credits Because the couple has a dependent that is in college and living at home they may be eligible to take the American opportunity credit or the lifetime learning credit these credits are available to someone that pays college expenses for themselves or a dependent. They cannot take both however, only one education credit is allowed per year so they would want to calculate which is more beneficial. The couple has dependent children, so they might also be able to take a child tax credit of up to 1,000 per child however, their adjusted gross income may be too high which would phase the credit out to 0. Without doing all of the calculations I am not certain as to whether or not they would actually get this credit. It is also possible that they would qualify for a savers credit which is based upon contributions to a qualifying retirement plan, but again I am not sure if they would end up being over the adjusted gross income limit to receive this credit. References Partners Instructions for Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) (2013 ). (n.d.). Partners Instructions for Schedule K-1 (Form 1065) (2013 ). Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.irs.gov/instructions/i1065sk1/ch02.html Publication 523 (2013), Selling Your Home. (n.d.). Publication 523 (2013), Selling Your Home. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.irs.gov/publications/p523/ar02.html Publication 544 (2013), Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets. (n.d.). Publication 544 (2013), Sales and Other Dispositions of Assets. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.irs.gov/publications/p544/index.html Ten Facts about Capital Gains and Losses. (n.d.). Ten Facts about Capital Gains and Losses. Retrieved March 10, 2014, from http://www.irs.gov/uac/Newsroom/Ten-Facts-about-Capital-Gains-and-Losses1 1040 Central. (n.d.). 1040 Central. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.irs.gov/Individuals/1040-Central Retirement Plans for Self-Employed People. (n.d.). Retirement Plans for Self-Employed People. Retrieved March 13, 2014, from http://www.irs.gov/Retirement-Plans/Retirement-Plans-for-Self-Employed-People

Workplace Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

The judicial system in the United States is in desperate need of Christians with high ethic principles to take control of our courts. More Christian lawyers in our courts is one way of getting ethics into the judicial system. There are major controversial issues lawyers encounter when dealing with their clients and business in general. Firstly, many people question if an honest lawyer can defend a guilty client. â€Å"t is true that a lawyer is expected to represent a client zealously within the bounds of the law, but the question may fairly be asked whether this relieves the lawyer of any moral obligation other than compliance with the law. Put more broadly, when a person acts in a capacity of a lawyer, is he relieved of the personal or moral responsibility for the consequences of his action...

Program Summary Essay

The process of a program’s development is to acknowledge what exactly the program is, and what mission they set forth to achieve. Regarding the Far West Elementary School’s organization mission where they work as a team filled with parents, and staff who are dedicated to creating a caring, exciting environment that promotes responsibility, self esteem, and academic achievement where differences are valued and learning is a lifelong goal. Although the mission promotes responsibility the school lacks in English proficiency. This program curriculum is undeveloped because the staff is lacking the qualifications; they are teaching the children using non certified or non licensed skills. The material needs to be upgraded via the English curricula. In order for the limited English proficiency (LEP) skills to grow the qualifications of the staff must be qualified. Within this program it will provide thoroughness, communication, and financial management. These elements are needed because it will build the morale of the program, the current staff and students skills, and the community of the low cost area of Far West Elementary School. Assessments: Assessments will be to analyze the programs purpose and its empowerment. According to, Gutierrez (1994) defines empowerment as the â€Å"process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals, families, and communities can take action to improve their situations†. I chose this quote because I felt it works well with the school and how one can increase their skills when it comes to defining the process and determining the goal. The assessments determine if the faculty member is qualified to teach in a professional manner? The assessments will be constructed by licensed bilingual counselors who document the knowledge, skills, and beliefs of the staff; it will focus on the case studies, the learning styles, and experimental work (Wikipedia, 2009) of students as well. Once the staff members are increasing their English proficiency skills the students will then become more advanced. This will serve as the process used for the staff being a positive outcome. The process will prove that the development of the plan was evaluated; it will identify the measure used to develop the plan, which were the workshop sessions. The data collected will be the presented through the students and their English skills increasing. The reporting and results will follow by the many programs that will be offered, by the families of the students skills improving, and the preparation of enrolling new students and staff within the school. The thoroughness the program will reflect will show how eager it is increasing the English skill in the community. It will drain all energy taken with the counselors using with their senior skills, in making sure all aspects of the program’s session are passed. This will include the performance of the community, the faculty, and the productiveness of the students. The measures the program assessments will take will be resourceful in present and future lives of the students. They will be constructed to abide by the mission of the school. Needs and Problem Statement: The programs needs and problem assessments would be to evaluate the staff and improve their proficiently in teaching the English language. Specific needs of the program to be focused on are alternative certification program, special support for teachers, and improving the skills for higher education. The influences and expectations play in a role in administrator’s role of the agency because the significance of it is to connect with their staff and oversea that duties of the agency are being done. According, to Far West Elementary School administrators their needs are to make sure that the (LEP) skills are increased by making sure the staff are taking advantage of all the training programs offered by the counselors and funders. Administrators are to make sure the pressure is on in understanding the fact that achieving the (LEP) skill betters the elementary school, the staff guiding and forcing the direction. The problem occurs when there aren’t any funds being allocated for the program. Program Planning: Grant funding will be set through the proposal planning for the program. The program will propose the government with its attribute and prove the program should is qualified enough for their funds. By, introducing yourself and introducing the program that you want funded, it will benefit the people of the community. The function of the grant proposal is to allow you to communicate and present your proposal of the plan or program is looking for funding. The purpose of the proposal is to gain funds for a program that will better someone or families. The purpose is to present your program before it is even considered a program. Grant proposals relates to a program plan by proposing ideas, suggesting programs or simply bringing new ideas to the table that need to be approved and funded. They both take in considerations to help others and address problems within a community. Communication is the element the program will be best at and portray. The relevance of communication in the program is top high because it’s used to connect the staff, students and their families and show what’s most important each other. Talking and expressing their needs of why increasing the limited English proficiency skill is the number one key within this program. Alternate funding: Alternate funding will be the bonding aspect within the program. It will include Ideas of nontraditional funding which includes activities that involve the community more than the government. The program is locating funding through fundraising like raffling off tickets for prizes; therefore more people will participate knowing they can win a prize. Another alternate funding strategy would be selling dinners in the community for reasonable prices; the program staff will present talent shows for the community which they will participate in as well. Activities will be listed as, special events like face painting and relay racing would bring more funds to the program. Another idea would be client donations where the staff will donate to the program, whether it’s volunteering or giving a money donation. A funding institution that works with human service organizations is Administration for Children & Families (AFC). Its mission along with Health and Human Services (HHS) is responsible for federal programs that promote the economic and social well being of families, children, individuals, and communities, (AFC, 2011). The expectations for evaluating this funding institution are campaigning to rescue and restore families, family and youth services, administration development, child care bureau and many other programs they set to fulfill through their expectations of the ommunity. These expectations influence the evaluation plan and programs by staying true to their mission and achieving their goals. Implementation: The implementation of the program will be tedious, long and drawn out however it’s all for a good cause. During the process and outcomes stage, the process will evaluate the documented and monitored interventions taken for the staff and describe the importance of the program. The data will acknowledge and understand why the skills need to be improved. It will prove why it acceptable in the targeted community. The implementation that will be put forth and fulfilled will show through the structure of the program. Also the stakeholders are the people who invest in the program to develop the skills therefore they are implementing the program as well. Once the proposal was presented to them their share and interest in the program wasn’t just want they invested in the agency but an actual investment. With having a better understanding of the mission of the agency and what the team, parents and staff are dedicated in achieving the stakeholders know for a fact that the group they are investing in has significant obligations they wish to fulfill. Evaluation: The evaluation of the program will be based on the community of Far West, a suburb of New Hampshire Far West community that holds a population of 30,000 where the elementary school holds 700 with 30% of the students who have relocated from a foreign country. Being that the students are from an Asian decent background they have limited experience in English writing, reading and speaking skills. The evaluation of the program opportunity is to improve the limited English proficiency (LEP) skills for teachers, students, and their families. It will evaluate what it negative in the program that needs fixing, it will allow the individual to see the reality of how building a program can really determine whether the program is qualified or not. Conducting assessments will provide the program with information of services at that are needed or services that are not, therefore funds will be saved in the program. Judging whether or not the staff is qualified will also demonstrate evaluations for further training. The evaluation of the program will cover needs being addresses, staff nderstanding and building a rapport with the students and staff and always and follow the mission and value statements of the agency. The evaluation will make sure projects being funded properly, all and outcomes of the programs strengthens the organization. During the empowerment evaluation process it will acknowledge who exactly needs their skills to be improved. Counselors will overlook classroom settings and become involved with the students, and allow them to give me their reasons on why wanting to improve their LEP skills. Staff and students participate with each other in improving the (LEP) skill. It will offer workshops with professional leaders who will oversee activities in upgrading certificates to licenses; therefore the teachers are developing the programs for the students and promoting a professional outlook of the programs. The importance of this program is to improve the skills of limited English proficiency, in the Far West Elementary School located in a low income housing community. This program was chosen for this location because of the presence of families with foreign backgrounds. The program focuses on improving the skill for parents as well, being they involved in the community as well. Overall the importance of the program summary is to provide thoroughness, communication and build the morale of the program; the current staff, students and parents to work together and achieve its mission to better the skills within the school, and the community of the low cost area of Far West Elementary.

Essay on Spectroscopy - 921 Words

Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the study of energy levels in atoms or molecules, using absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation. There are many categories of spectroscopy eg. Atomic and infrared spectroscopy, which have numerous uses and are essential in the world of science. When investigating spectroscopy four parameters have to be considered; spectral range, spectral bandwidth, spectral sampling and signal-to-noise ratio, as they describe the capability of a spectrometer. In the world of spectroscopy there are many employment and educational opportunities as the interest in spectroscopy and related products is increasing. However Spectroscopy is not a recent development, as it has been†¦show more content†¦History of Spectroscopy ======================= Spectroscopy has been used as a method of quantitative chemical analysis before the beginning of the twentieth century. Spectroscopy started in 1666 when Sir Isaac Newton passed rays of light from the sun through a glass prism and observed the colours of the visible spectrum, another great breakthrough concerning spectroscopy was the suggestion of transition between energy levels within atoms as the source of spectral lines was great contribution made by Niels Bohr in 1913. At the end of the nineteenth century, spectroscopy was limited to the absorption, emission, and the scattering of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared electromagnetic radiation. However, during the twentieth century, spectroscopy was extended to include other forms of electromagnetic radiation including photo spectroscopy e.g X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves, as well as particle spectroscopy. Functions and Description of a spectrometer [IMAGE] Fig 1. Schematic diagram of a spectrometer employing photomultiplier as detector. A spectrometer usually shows pointed distinct features, instead of curving wavelengths; the sharp structure used is particularly obvious when the substance investigated includes atoms in the gas stage. TheShow MoreRelatedSpectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy And Spectroscopy1773 Words   |  8 PagesSpectroscopy is a broad field of science that includes Raman Spectroscopy, Infrared Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Optical Spectroscopy and several other techniques. Although the techniques are distinct, spectroscopy essentially is how energy and matter interact with one another. Matter exhibits electromagnetic radiation that consists of wavelike properties. Ultimately, this electromagnetic radiation can assist in speculating the structure of a molecule. Infrared SpectroscopyRead MoreSpectroscopy Lab Report1548 Words   |  7 Pagesgive insight to the makeup and characteristics of them. The light given off by an energetically excited atom is not a continuous dis tribution of all possible wavelengths, but rather consists of a few wavelengths giving a series of discrete lines. Spectroscopy is the analysis of that emitted light and its dispersion into to it’s component wavelengths and colors. Niels Bohr explained the discrete spectrum of hydrogen†¨by relating it to the electron. Normally the electron in the hydrogen atom is locatedRead MoreEssay On Identification Of Spectroscopy835 Words   |  4 Pagescompounds are yet to be discovered, but there are many tools and methods available to uncover the identity of newly synthesized compounds. These techniques include performing NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, as well as analyzing melting points and refractive indexes. In particular, spectroscopy and spectrometry are especially useful in determining chemical and physical properties, and they are highly applicable to pharmaceutical product development. According to a study publishedRead MoreANALYSIS OF COPPER IN BRASS BY UV - VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY1783 Words   |  8 Pages DATE: 21-01-14 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN BRASS BY UV – VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY AIMS/OBJECTIVES; To determine the percentage of copper in brass by UV-visible spectroscopy. INTRODUCTION Electromagnetic radiation, of which ultraviolet and visible light are but two examples, has properties of both waves and particlesRead MoreNuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy1841 Words   |  7 Pages1) THEORY OF NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an analytical tools that use in quality control to analyze the microscopic physical and chemical structures of molecules. Many nuclei may be studied by NMR technique, but hydrogen and carbon are most available. NMR gives information about the number of magnetically distinct atoms of the type of nuclei being studied. When an electromagnetic radiation applied with specific frequency, and atomic nuclei are immersed in an external magneticRead MoreAbsorption Spectroscopy: Beer-Lambert Law Essay1031 Words   |  5 PagesAbsorption Spectroscopy Author: Cesar M. Lemas Lab Partners: Jahnnan Jayesh Patel, Myong Ho Lee Salem Alsaif Instructor: Jordan Andrew Mudery Chem 151, Section 7D Date Work Performed: October 18th 2012 Date Report submitted: October 25th 2012 Abstract Absorption spectroscopy is a practical way to find what the light absorption of a substance is, and whit this data combining the Beer’s law equation you can determine the concentration of different things in a solution, inRead MoreFluorescence Spectroscopy And The Emission Wavelength Of Eosin Serum Albumin ( Bsa )1141 Words   |  5 Pagesemission wavelength of 358 nm which could also be indicative of a tryptophan. When BSA and ANS were mixed together, the emission wavelength was longer suggesting that the molecules interact with each other and follow FRET.â€Æ' Introduction Fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful technique to determine the proteins and nucleic acids of a macromolecule. Some molecules, fluorophores, can absorb light at certain wavelengths and then emit it at another wavelength. When the molecule absorbs light it is excitationRead MoreExperimental Study On Different Flavourings Cat Medicine By Raman Spectroscopy2324 Words   |  10 Pages Proposal for experimental study on different flavourings cat medicine by Raman spectroscopy from Mengxin Huang 2411550 CHEM 464 Supervisor: Keith C. Gordon University of Otago, Department of Chemistry 2015 â€Æ' Content Abstract Introduction Raman spectroscopy Principle of Raman spectroscopy Basic Raman scattering process Raman imaging Literature survey: limitations and considerations Effect of refraction Relative Raman scattering intensity Processing of data: multivariate analysisRead MoreInfrared Spectroscopy772 Words   |  4 PagesInfrared Spectroscopy Organic Chemistry Lab 301A B. The purpose of this lab is to study Infrared Spectroscopy, which focuses on the study of the electromagnetic spectrum. The area to be studied is the infrared region, which is made up of gamma, X, and UV rays. We want to be able to identify spectra’s to their complementary structures. The background of this experiment particularly deals with the study of compound structure determination, and traits. We must be aware of the functional groupsRead MoreDetermination of Iron in Cereal Using Aas1627 Words   |  7 PagesEXPERIMENT : Iron in Breakfast Cereal by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy OBJECTIVES : 1) To determine the actual iron content of different brands of cereals 2) To compare the experimental results with the values listed on the manufacturer’s labels. INTRODUCTION : Iron is one of the important minerals that is required for our bodies to function properly. Most of the iron in our body is found in the blood such as haemoglobin, approximately 60 -70% of the human body’s iron is found

Helium Facts Quiz

Charles Tillys State Making - 1146 Words

Charles Tilly (1929-2008) is a former sociologist and political scientist who introduced the idea of state-making through state-makers in global politics. Charles Tilly argued that state-making is the process by which state-makers eliminate other hostile or adverse powerful men within a given territory. State-makers are the power holders in society such as kings or landowners . In â€Å"Bringing the State Back† (Tilly, Charles. 172) Tilly argues that states are formed through a capricious and unintentional process by which state-makers enforce war in the pursuit of territory, human population and scarce resources. Tilly says that state-makers did not take part in the pivotal and costly tasks of war-making, extraction and capital accumulation with a mind set of ultimately forming a state. Rather, Tilly argued that the pursuit of resources for war-making, capital accumulation and extraction was required to gain territory, money and human population. Tilly describes capital accum ulation as the process of investing money into warfare in return for future profits or benefits. Lastly, Tilly defines extraction as acquiring means such as population, money or weaponry to carry out the initial war-making process. Modern day rebel militant forces such as ISIS and the Taliban support Tilly’s explanation of state-making, however ISIS challenges the aspect of unintentional state-making, as it ultimately envisages the emergence of a state once the war-making is over. In early June 2014 anShow MoreRelatedThe Western Military Trajectory During The Gunpowder And First Industrial Revolutions2121 Words   |  9 Pagessome of these exploitations affected the Western military trajectory during the Gunpowder and First Industrial Revolutions, most often leaving the non-Western militaries lagging behind. It will also consider the rise of the nation-state and its conflict with non-state actors, specifically during the Information Revolution. With the French invasion of Italy in 1494, France demonstrated that the exploitation and advancement of a technology could give one side an extreme advantage over the side whichRead MoreKhmer Rouge Revolution In Cambodia Essay1470 Words   |  6 Pagesconstruct his communal agrarian utopia. The debate about the definition of revolution and the reason why revolutions happen have been vibrant in the studies of revolutions. A structural perspective focusing on states and a cultural perspective focusing on individuals are two main ways making sense of revolutions. In the case of the Khmer Rouge revolution in Cambodia, a cultural perspective does a better job explaining why people in rural areas followed Pol Pot because the interaction between Pol PotRead More The Social Construction of Workers’ Collectivism1655 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent modes of action are situationally specific. Hence, the right question to be asked is under what conditions will workers come to acquire a sense of common interests, join a union and participate in collective action directed towards management or state? This question has more relevancy in understanding the extent and nature of union renewal as the way in which workers acquire collective definition of their interests, the greater the willingness to join and participate in collective action, the greaterRead MoreCase Studies--War Makes the State, and the State Makes War2267 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay is first concerned with the Charles Tilly’s principle around by histhe famous saying: War makes the state, and the state makes war. Meanwhile, I will explain the relationship between the state and its four activities: War Mmaking, State Mmaking, Protection, Extraction. The filiation of state and war will be illustrated later. 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State Department Defines Terrorism1785 Words   |  8 PagesThe U.S. State Department defines terrorism, according to Piazza (2006), â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub national groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience† (p. 165). Throughout history, labor disputes have often been accompanied by terror and resistance movements. Terrorism dates way back in history, but political terrorism only dates back to the last century and is regarded as a new phenomenon. For exampleRead MoreThe Movement Of The Iranian Revolution2044 Words   |  9 Pagesdisplacements inherit in the economic programs based on development models. In the economic development programs, no attention was given to the relationship between development goals and programs and the problems resulting from the current policy makings which could only be created by combining the program and policies of development and stability. 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Human Resource Management in Australia

Question: Write a report about the human resource management in Australia. Answer: Introduction In this particular study, I would demonstrate about my knowledge and experience about human resource management. In order to be more specific, here I would elaborate the knowledge that I have acquired from the class and lectures provided by my professors. Along with that, I would discuss about my classroom experiences. Both the positive as well as negative aspects would be illustrated. Before entering in the main discussion, it is important to mention that the lectures were based on human resource management in Australia. In order to illustrate my knowledge and experience, I have segmented the entire discussion into three sections. In the below sections, I would describe the contents first then analyze as well as evaluate them briefly. Journal 1: Human Resource Management in Australia During the class, I was able to gather the knowledge about human resource management in context of Australia. As per the given lectures, I came to know that the human resources are the most essential resource in an organization. Before discussing about my experience, it is important to elaborate the knowledge that I have gained. In the class, it has been mentioned a number of times that the human resources management helps the businesses to acquire competitive advantages. It is the process through which the organizations analyze and manage the required human resources which would help the organizations to achieve their ultimate goal and objectives. Besides, the lecturers also elaborated that the organizations incorporate different policies and practices in managing the human resources and bringing out their effective roles in business. During the class, I came to know about the human resource activities that include recruitment, screening, selection, training and appraising. This hel p to know which authority looks over the recruitment and promotion activities. Before the class, I was quite unaware about the entire process. At the initial stage of the course, it was difficult for me to gather all idea and knowledge about the concept and keep it in my mind. Not only me, some other students were there that found difficulties in understanding all the activities of the human resource management. Initially, the professors took time to make all the students understand about the human resource management system in an organization. After gathering the basic knowledge and concept of the human resource management, I had asked the professors about the importance of the human resource policies, programs, and plans. It was important for me to understand about that in order to clear my concept more. The lecturers taught us that it was single most difficult, complex, ambiguous, but yet so important task in an organization. I came to know that some specific reasons are there that help to define the importance of effective human resource management. The human resource policies and management helps the organization to identify the potentiality and ability of the workforce. Further, we were taught that the human resource programs help the managers to address the behaviors of the labor force. In Australia, most of the organizations confront cultural diversity in business and thus it is important to identify their behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, and sense of responsibility. Apart from this, I have gathered knowledge how the employers motivate the employees. Certain human resource policies and programs are adapted by the employers to motivate the employees. In the course, the professors discussed about the needs of hiring policy, induction policy, employee policy, training policy, pay and reward policy, promotion policy and so on. The lecturers took time to clear the concept of these policies. After clearing the concept of the human resource management system in an organization, the professors taught us about importance of the human resource software and solution paths. In Australia, information technology (IT) industries are involved in developing the payroll software system and solutions. For example, most of the Australian companies use the HR3 software products to better manage the businesses. The HR3 products include Datapay, Winpay, HR3pay, HR3kiosk and HR3people. Besides, I came to know human resource manage is more important in the organizations that are involved in international and global businesses. Thus, the human resource policies and practices differ among the multinational companies and SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises). Specific software helps the employers to manage and monitor the labor force in a better manner. During the course, I was able know about the strategic human resource management in the organizations. The lecturers taught us that the strategic human resource management includes discipline, payroll, collaborative manner, quality improvement techniques and identification of mutual benefits. Here, we were taught about the difference between the human resource management and strategic human resource management process. As per my gathered knowledge, I can state that it is important to establish disciplines in order to guide and align human resource management philosophies, tactical planning and practices. This helps the organizations to achieve the long term goals and objectives to drive the business towards success and growth. Furthermore, in the later classes, the lecturers defined that strategic human resource management in a briefer manner. During those classes, I came to know that it gives the employers directions how to build strategic advantages by creating employee value propo sition, labor force involvement in changing organizational landscape, and appropriate communication strategy. Furthermore, the strategic human resource management helps to identify the ethical considerations. This helps the employers to manage the societal impact of the business decision. In Australia, most of the organizations put more focus on the strategic human resource management system. During the classes, the professors elaborated the ethical considerations in a brief manner. I would discuss about the ethical considerations and management process in the later sections of this study. Apart from this, the lecturers discussed about the legal frameworks of human resource management in Australia. I came to know about the major federal and provincial laws that affect the human resource management of the organizations. Most of the Australian employers and employees are applied some specific legislations by the Federal IR System. During the class, the lecturers have discussed about some government rules and regulations that are applied in the Australian organizations. I came to know that the Fair Work Act 2009 is an Australian law in order to reform the industrial relation system in the country. Specific terms and conditions are defined in this act that created some boundaries in which the employers hire the employees. Along with that this particular act considers some laws under which the employers treat the employees in a fair way. Apart from this, the professors provided the lecture about the Public Sector Management Act 1995. In that class, I came to know that it is widely considered in the South Australian organizations. This particular law defines that the organizations should incorporate the best management practices. The lecturers taught us that this particular law is implied on the public sectors to direct them in providing quality service to the public. This act ensures that the organizational decisions are made as fair as possible. As per my experience in the course, the professors could have established more clear idea about the legal context of human resource management in context of the country Australia. More legislations which are applied on the Australian employers and employees could have been discussed in the class. However, during the class, I have noticed my weakness and strength in understanding certain topics. I found that I have major weakness in understanding the government regulations and legislations and their implications in the business. I have consult with my professors and they suggested me contribute some time in gathering knowledge from various books and journals. Journal 2: Recruitment and Diversity Management After providing the lectures on the overview of human resource management along with government regulations and legislations, the lecturers elaborated the recruitment and selection process of the employers. Before attending the class, I did not have the knowledge that recruiting and selecting process includes a number of strategies and processes. This particular classes enhanced my knowledge to the larger extent. The lecturers taught us about the steps that the employers pursue in recruitment and selection hiring process. During the class, I came to know that in most of the Australian organizations, the employers pursue nine steps. As per the discussion, I was taught that the foremost step is identifying the vacancy and the need evaluation of the company. The professors asked us about our knowledge about the process. I answered that the first step is required to identify the skills that the company needs. Without identifying that, the employers would not able to understand what and w hom to recruit. However, the professor taught us about the rest eight steps. The second step is developing position description. Besides, I came to know that these steps help to develop recruitment plan based on which they recruit and select people. Afterward, the employers select the search committee and implement the recruitment plan. Before the interview process, they review the applicants and develop short list based on which they contact the individuals for interview. After going through the interview process, the employers select the individuals who have fulfilled their requirements. Based on the interview result, the final recruitment is done. In this study, I have summarized the knowledge and discussed as my learning outcomes. During this course, we were told to discuss the topic in groups so that we can analyze the lecture provided to us. Through discussing in groups, I was able to know something out of my box. During the lecture, I afraid to ask something to my professor a nd hence I am unable to clear the concept about any topic. Sometimes, I fail to understand that certain topic can be understood in a better way. The group study helped a much in clearing and understanding the concept of recruitment and selection hire process. After completing those classes, the lecturers taught us about the concept of managing diversity and work life balances. It has been mentioned before that the organizations in Australia have cultural diversity in their workplace. The professors stated that due to the cultural diversity, the organizations confronts a number of issues. The most common issues that the employees face is regarding communication. Through the lecture given to us, I came to know that the differences between cultures, languages, beliefs, behaviors and attitudes are the prime reason of the communication problem. Besides, the communication problem creates issues in implementing projects. During that class, I have had a live example that is quite similar to the topic. It provided the brief idea about the topic. Three of our classmates came from China but they know the English language. The problem was they understood the language but found difficulties at the time of speaking to others. Thus, they found problems in participating any learning activities. Further, they had a fear to ask any question to the professors. This example made us understand how the communication gap created problem in the working environment. After discussing the problems and issues that the organizations face, the professors taught us about the strategies that the employers consider for better human resource management. I came to know that the employers apply certain strategies and techniques to deal with the challenge of cultural diversity. During the class, the lecturers discussed about large number of strategies. Though, in this study, I am mentioning the crucial strategies that we should keep in mind. however, it is important to mention that the diversity policies in organizational operations differ from firm to firm. In most of the organizations, the employers foster an attitude of openness in the workplace environment. Besides, the employers encourage the employees for team performances so that they would perf orm more efficiently further, in groups. This strategies and techniques helps the employers to manage good employment relationship. Through the class, I have gathered knowledge about the cultural diversity about which I did not have any previous knowledge. Besides, the lecturers stated more that it is very important for every individual to balance the work life. Here, I need to mention that I had some previous knowledge about this context. Work life balance defines the balance between the professional life and the professional life. However, the lectures provided to us helped me to enhance my knowledge. In additional, the professors discussed that in human resource management, it is an important factor. The reason behind enhancing the work life balance of the employees is to provide mental satisfaction. This would help them to perform more effectively. In this class, I came to know that in human resource management, establishing work life balance is an important factor. However, during the class, I felt that the professors put less importance in this factor. Though, as per my knowledge, this is one of the important factors that the employers should consider in their human resource management plan. Journal 3: Ethics Management and Improving Techniques The professors stated in the lectures that the business ethics is an essential part in managing the human resources. It has been found that many of the Australian organizations' reputation is hampered due to some ethical pitfalls. Apart from this, I came to know that the financial sustainability might be hampered if the employers do not handle the ethics properly. In the class, we were taught that most of the organizations focus on legal considerations in order to maintain the business ethics. Besides, they look over whether the employees have received good working environment or not. Further, the lecturers taught us about improving ways of human resource practices. The employers need to facilitate cooperation with the needs of the employees that help them to build good employee relationship. Besides, I came to know that providing incentive benefits is one of the effective human resource policies. The employees are encouraged and motivated by the incentives provided to them. They try to improve their performance more and thus the employers would receive better outcomes. Besides, the lecturers discussed about some other benefits are provided by the employers in order to retain the employees. During this class, I came to know that the ethical considerations and benefit packages help to establish good reputation of the company in the business market. However, I personally feel that the class was too short to explain the topic. As I feel that we could have been learnt more about the ethics and benefit packages in context of Australia. Conclusion The study concludes the knowledge I have gathered during the course. The course and lectures enhanced my knowledge about human resources management system in Australia. The gathered knowledge would help me in my career life. Besides, during the course and group study, I was able to identify my strengths and weaknesses in understanding the topic. The group study and the lectures provided during the class helped me to enhance my knowledge about human resource management system. However, I could have cleared my idea more about some of the context. 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